Table of Contents
Overview
Definition and Importance
Multiphase flow is defined as the interactive flow of two or more distinct phases, which can include solid, liquid, or gaseous matter, each characterized by its own properties, velocity, and temperature.[1.1] This phenomenon is particularly significant in the oil industry, where it commonly occurs in oil wells that produce oil, gas, and often water simultaneously.[3.1] The simultaneous flow of gas and liquid, referred to as multiphase flow, is prevalent in various components of oil production, including wellbores, flowlines, and topsides processing facilities, and is especially critical in subsea production systems.[3.1] Moreover, multiphase flow encompasses heterogeneous mixtures of different phases, such as gas-liquid, solid-liquid, or gas-solid combinations, and is encountered in numerous industrial and scientific applications. These applications range from boiling and condensation processes to aerosol flows in the environment and gas and petroleum flows in pipelines.[4.1] The importance of understanding multiphase flow extends beyond the oil industry, as it plays a crucial role in various sectors, including environmental science and chemical engineering. To analyze complex multiphase systems effectively, multiscale computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling is employed. This advanced simulation technique aids in studying fluid flow and the interactions between different phases, providing insights into phenomena such as mixing, dispersion, and phase separation. These insights are invaluable for optimizing processes across various industries.[35.1]Key Phases in Multiphase Flow
Multiphase flow encompasses various phases, primarily categorized by the state of the materials involved. The most common types include gas-liquid, liquid-solid, and gas-solid flows. In the oil and gas industry, for instance, multiphase flow typically involves the concurrent movement of oil, gas, and production water, along with other substances such as chemical inhibitors and solids like sand.[15.1] This complexity necessitates a thorough understanding of the interactions between these phases to optimize extraction processes and equipment design.[6.1] The behavior of multiphase flow is influenced by several factors, including the physical properties of the fluids involved, flow rates, and the geometrical configuration of the flow system. For example, gas-liquid flows can exhibit intricate spatial phase distributions, making them significantly more complex than single-phase flows, which are primarily driven by pressure, inertia, and viscous forces.[17.1] This complexity is further compounded in scenarios involving solid particles, where interactions can lead to unique flow patterns and challenges in separation processes.[8.1] In addition to oil and gas applications, multiphase flow principles are also critical in chemical manufacturing and environmental engineering. In chemical processes, understanding the dynamics of multiphase systems is essential for optimizing reactions and separations.[18.1] Similarly, in environmental contexts, such as groundwater contamination, the behavior of multiphase flows can significantly affect remediation strategies, as the migration of contaminants often involves complex interactions between different phases.[24.1]In this section:
Multiphase FlowEnvironmental ScienceChemical EngineeringComputational Fluid DynamicsFluid Flow
History
Early Developments in Multiphase Flow Science
The study of multiphase flow has its roots in the foundational principles of fluid mechanics and thermodynamics, with significant early contributions from ancient scientists. A pivotal figure in this field is Archimedes of Syracuse, who, around 250 BCE, formulated the laws of buoyancy, encapsulated in what is now known as Archimedes' principle. This principle is fundamental in modeling multiphase flow, as it describes how a submerged object displaces its own weight in fluid, thereby influencing the behavior of different phases in a mixture.[61.1] The evolution of multiphase flow science continued through the mid-20th century, marked by advances in nucleate boiling, which further refined the understanding of phase interactions in fluids.[62.1] During the 1970s, the oil and gas industry catalyzed significant research into multiphase flow, particularly in pipeline applications. This period saw the introduction of more sophisticated models and simulation tools, which were essential for optimizing industrial processes and ensuring safety in engineering systems.[58.1] In parallel, the development of turbulence models for multiphase flows gained momentum. Initial efforts in the 1970s involved ad-hoc modifications to existing turbulence models for liquid phases. However, researchers soon shifted towards a more rigorous derivation of turbulence equations specifically tailored for multiphase scenarios.[55.1] This shift laid the groundwork for Rodney O. Fox's multiphase turbulence theory, which emerged from a mesoscale description based on a continuous volume fraction field and utilized Reynolds averaging techniques.[53.1] Fox's work highlighted the complexities of multiphase turbulence, which arises due to factors such as gravity, buoyancy, and mean shear, and is characterized by fluctuations in the disperse-phase volume fraction.[54.1]Evolution of Computational Techniques
In the 1970s, advancements in computer technology led to the emergence of multiphase flow simulation software, significantly impacting the oil and gas industry. A notable development during this period was the OLGA software, which was created in collaboration with major oil and gas operators. This software enabled the simulation of transient multiphase flow, thereby revolutionizing the design and management of production systems.[48.1] As the industry faced the dual challenges of meeting energy demands and transitioning to greener practices, research highlighted the potential of multiphase flow technologies to enhance operational efficiency while contributing to sustainability goals.[49.1] The evolution of computational techniques has also been influenced by factors such as fluid chemistry, thermodynamics, equipment geometry, and multiphase flow dynamics. Recent advancements in computational capabilities, both in software and hardware, have made modeling and simulation tools increasingly prevalent for analyzing complex fluid flow problems.[50.1] The integration of real-time data into multiphase flow calculations has further transformed operational strategies. New software applications allow operators to make on-the-fly adjustments, making multiphase flow simulators essential tools for production engineers, thereby enhancing safety and efficiency in oil and gas operations.[51.1] Looking towards the future, the role of multiphase flow modeling is expected to evolve significantly with the incorporation of machine learning and artificial intelligence. These emerging technologies present opportunities for developing more efficient, robust, and accurate approaches for modeling, predicting, and optimizing multiphase flow behavior.[74.1] Collaborative programs, such as the PREMIERE initiative, aim to enhance predictive capabilities in complex multiphase flow systems by integrating multi-physics and machine learning.[71.1] Machine learning methods have already been applied in various investigations related to multiphase flow measurements, demonstrating advantages such as improved generalization and reduced training parameters compared to traditional models.[72.1] The combination of advanced computational techniques and intelligent algorithms is anticipated to lead to a paradigm shift in multiphase flow science, enabling researchers to better understand, predict, and manipulate complex flow phenomena.[73.1]Fundamentals Of Multiphase Flow Dynamics
Basic Principles and Concepts
Multiphase flow dynamics is a fundamental area of study within fluid dynamics, concentrating on the behavior of mixtures of different phases of matter, including gas, liquid, and solid, as they flow together. This field has gained significant attention since the 1970s, particularly driven by the oil and gas industry, which has led to the development of advanced models and simulation tools essential for understanding these complex flows.[85.1] The study of multiphase flows is crucial for designing efficient and safe engineering systems, optimizing industrial processes, and fostering the development of new technologies.[85.1] A key application of multiphase flow dynamics is in Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) techniques, where multiphase flow models play a vital role. These models are employed to optimize the injection of steam, water, or CO2 to improve oil extraction from reservoirs.[86.1] The principles of multiphase flow dynamics are integral to understanding the mechanisms of fluid flow through porous media, which is essential for enhancing the efficiency of EOR processes.[98.1] The literature on multiphase flow emphasizes a unified approach to the fundamental concepts relevant to a wide spectrum of multiphase flows. This includes topics such as single particle motion, bubble or droplet dynamics, and the practical importance of these flows across various contexts.[88.1] The integration of advanced modeling techniques, experimental validation, and collaborative research is anticipated to unlock new opportunities and address emerging challenges in this field.[85.1] Moreover, the stability and predictability of multiphase flow regimes are critical for ensuring safety in applications such as marine gathering pipelines. Research has shown that understanding phase interactions can significantly impact the stability of different flow regimes, which has direct implications for industries like oil and gas and chemical processing.[108.1] Techniques such as supervised machine learning are being explored to enhance the predictability of these flow regimes in horizontal pipes, further illustrating the evolving nature of multiphase flow dynamics.[108.1]Common Flow Patterns
Multiphase flow dynamics encompasses various flow patterns that arise when different phases of matter, such as gas, liquid, and solid, interact. These flow patterns are critical for accurate simulations in multiphase applications, particularly in industries like oil and gas, where understanding flow regimes can significantly influence operational efficiency and safety.[90.1] One common flow pattern is the dispersed flow regime, which is particularly important in trickle bed reactors. This regime involves the distribution of one phase as small droplets or bubbles within another phase, and its modeling is essential for optimizing reactor performance.[91.1] Additionally, the complex flow profiles observed in multiphase systems often result from variations in the densities and viscosities of the fluid phases, which can lead to distinct flow regimes such as bubbly flow, droplet flow, and free surface flow.[92.1] In the context of the oil and gas industry, multiphase flow modeling has evolved significantly over the past 60 years, addressing challenges related to subsea well development and enhancing the safety and cost-effectiveness of operations.[90.1] The handling of wet gas and vapor, which may partially condense during compression, exemplifies the practical applications of these flow patterns in industrial processes.[93.1] Moreover, advancements in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) have enabled more sophisticated simulations of these flow regimes, allowing for better predictive modeling and optimization of systems such as pumps and heat exchangers.[95.1] As technology continues to progress, the understanding and application of multiphase flow principles will likely lead to innovative solutions across various sectors, enhancing the design and management of complex fluid systems.[94.1]Recent Advancements
Innovations in Modeling Techniques
Recent advancements in multiphase flow modeling have significantly enhanced the understanding and prediction of complex flow behaviors. New numerical methodologies, experimental techniques, and theoretical analysis tools have emerged, allowing for a more comprehensive study of multiphase flow problems.[145.1] These innovations are particularly evident in the development of robust computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods, which have improved the accuracy of simulations involving gas-liquid interactions and other multiphase systems.[147.1] One notable advancement is the introduction of advanced turbulence models tailored for various multiphase flows, including gas-liquid, gas-solid, and liquid-solid interactions. These models facilitate a better understanding of the hydrodynamic interactions between phases, which is crucial for accurately simulating flow boiling processes.[147.1] Furthermore, the application of high-performance computing resources has enabled the implementation of these sophisticated models, making it feasible to analyze complex flow scenarios that were previously challenging to simulate.[130.1] In addition to turbulence modeling, recent studies have focused on the challenges associated with boiling processes in multiphase flows. For instance, the deposition of nanoparticles during boiling and their settling on heated surfaces have been identified as critical issues when utilizing nanofluids in heat transfer applications.[149.1] Researchers have proposed general equations to predict two-phase flow boiling heat transfer in various microchannel configurations, which have been validated through experimental data.[148.1] This approach not only enhances theoretical understanding but also addresses practical challenges in industrial applications.Experimental Methods and Technologies
Recent advancements in experimental methods and technologies for studying multiphase flows have significantly enhanced our understanding of phase interactions and improved the efficiency and safety of industrial applications. A notable development is the integration of advanced diagnostic techniques such as high-speed visualization and quantification of multiphase flows, which includes methods like Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and Particle Tracking Velocimetry. These techniques allow for detailed analysis of flow dynamics and particle behavior, providing insights that traditional methods could not achieve.[156.1] Moreover, the application of laser Doppler velocimetry and digital image analysis has been instrumental in measuring bubble void fractions and other critical parameters in multiphase systems. These experimental techniques have been successfully employed in various industrial projects, leading to a better understanding of complex flow behaviors.[157.1] For instance, the use of digital image analysis in studying bubble dynamics has transformed perspectives on phase interactions, enabling more accurate modeling of multiphase systems.[141.1] In addition to these techniques, recent research has focused on developing innovative methodologies for simultaneous phase velocity measurements, which are crucial for enhancing multiphase flow visualization. This includes consolidating current methods for particle discrimination, which aids in the accurate characterization of flow patterns and interactions between different phases.[138.1] The advancements in experimental techniques not only improve measurement accuracy but also facilitate the exploration of new multiphase flow phenomena, thereby addressing longstanding challenges in the field.[137.1]In this section:
Applications Of Multiphase Flow
Industrial Applications
Multiphase flow dynamics plays a crucial role in various industrial applications, particularly in sectors such as oil and gas, nuclear energy, and chemical processing. In the oil and gas industry, understanding multiphase flow is essential for the extraction and processing of hydrocarbons. Knowledge of multiphase flow aids in the design of efficient separators and pipelines, which are vital for enhancing oil recovery and minimizing operational malfunctions due to phase interactions.[162.1] In addition to oil and gas, multiphase flow is frequently encountered in process industries, including nuclear, power, hydrocarbon, and fertilizer plants. These industries often deal with flows comprising two or more distinct phases—gas, liquid, or solid—which can be either adiabatic or coupled with heat and mass transfer or chemical reactions.[163.1] The ability to analyze and control these complex flow systems is critical for optimizing production efficiency and ensuring safety. Recent advancements in computational techniques, particularly in computational fluid dynamics (CFD), have significantly enhanced the accuracy and applicability of multiphase flow simulations in real-world scenarios. CFD allows for the examination of a wide range of multiphase flow phenomena through suitable modeling approaches and numerical solutions to the governing equations of fluid motion.[170.1] This technology not only aids in addressing industry-specific challenges but also fosters innovation by providing insights into the behavior of fluids under various conditions.[171.1] Moreover, the development of multiscale modeling techniques has proven pivotal in understanding multiphase flow and reactive mass transport in subsurface energy storage. This approach requires a nuanced understanding across varying scales, particularly in porous media, where accurate modeling is essential for applications such as geological carbon storage.[172.1]Environmental Implications
Multiphase flow in porous media plays a crucial role in various environmental applications, particularly in soil remediation, carbon dioxide sequestration, and enhanced oil recovery. These applications are vital for addressing environmental challenges and improving sustainability in industrial processes.[174.1] The interaction between multiphase flow and reactive transport in porous media is essential for understanding how contaminants behave in subsurface environments, which is critical for effective remediation strategies.[175.1] In the context of pollution control, multiphase flow technology is increasingly significant, especially in the energy and manufacturing sectors. It facilitates processes such as pneumatic transport and combustion, which are integral to reducing emissions and improving resource efficiency.[176.1] The dynamics of multiphase flow are particularly important for designing systems that optimize industrial processes and enhance safety, thereby contributing to more sustainable practices.[177.1] Furthermore, the integration of multiphase flow principles into emerging technologies for sustainable waste management is gaining attention. This integration can lead to innovative solutions that enhance waste processing efficiency and promote resource recovery through methods such as thermochemical conversion.[196.1] Interdisciplinary collaboration is essential in advancing these solutions, as it allows for the sharing of knowledge and techniques across different fields, ultimately leading to more effective waste management systems.[197.1]In this section:
Challenges In Multiphase Flow Research
Complexity of Interactions Between Phases
The complexity of interactions between phases in multiphase flows presents significant challenges for researchers and engineers. These interactions give rise to rich multiscale physics, including phenomena such as clustering and pseudoturbulence, which have important practical implications in various applications.[227.1] The hydrodynamic interactions that occur in these flows complicate the modeling and simulation processes, necessitating advanced theoretical formulations and computational techniques to accurately capture the dynamics involved.[226.1] One of the primary challenges in studying multiphase flows is the accurate measurement of flow rates, particularly in three-phase systems, which is critical for industries such as oil and gas.[205.1] The diverse range of multiphase flow patterns, including bubbly, slug, and annular flows, further complicates the understanding and manipulation of these systems.[207.1] Additionally, the computational cost associated with simulating complex multiphase flows, especially those involving phase changes and turbulence, can be substantial, often requiring significant computational resources.[208.1] To address these challenges, researchers are increasingly turning to advanced computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods, which allow for the prediction of phase interactions and dynamics in complex systems.[209.1] However, even with these advancements, the intricacies of interfacial dynamics and phase interactions remain difficult to model accurately, highlighting the need for continued innovation in both theoretical frameworks and computational approaches.[229.1] The integration of machine learning techniques has shown promise in reducing the computational burden of these simulations, enabling more efficient modeling of complex multiphase flow phenomena.[231.1]Measurement and Modeling Difficulties
Accurate modeling and measurement of multiphase flows present significant challenges that impact various fields, including environmental science and engineering. One of the primary difficulties in simulating multiphase flows is the discrepancy between model predictions and actual field data, particularly in low-pressure onshore gathering systems. This discrepancy can lead to critical errors in project decision-making, as even small amounts of multiphase flow can significantly affect pressures in large gathering systems.[210.1] In the context of modeling, traditional two-fluid models often struggle to accurately represent the physical processes involved during operational disruptions. Recent advancements have sought to enhance the stability of flow predictions by integrating modified source term calculations into established algorithms, such as the SIMPLE (Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure-Linked Equations) algorithm.[211.1] Furthermore, the challenges of simulating multiphase flows through porous media highlight the need for continued research in this area, as these flows are prevalent in various applications, including groundwater flow and pollutant transport.[216.1] The interaction between multiphase flow and reactive transport in porous media is critical for understanding pollutant degradation and transport. However, researchers face significant challenges in modeling these processes accurately due to the complexities of flow dynamics and the influence of local processes such as adsorption and precipitation.[215.1] The microscopic dynamics of multiphase flows are often poorly understood, complicating the development of effective models.[216.1] Measurement technologies for multiphase flows, particularly in three-phase systems, have also evolved to address these complexities. Recent advancements in multiphase flow measurement technology have improved the accuracy of measurements in complex flow regimes, such as slug and annular flow.[221.1] Various methodologies, including the use of smart data analytics and multi-technology solutions, are being explored to provide reliable flow rate measurements.[236.1] However, challenges remain, and strategies such as simplifying the input flow or the measurement requirements have been employed to mitigate these difficulties.[238.1]Future Directions
Emerging Technologies
Emerging technologies are playing a pivotal role in shaping the future directions of multiphase flow research. Recent advancements in digital imaging systems and processing techniques have significantly enhanced the ability to visualize and analyze multiphase flows, such as gas-solid and gas-liquid interactions. These digital visual methods are fundamental for experimental fluid dynamics, allowing for improved data acquisition and analysis.[251.1] Furthermore, innovative diagnostic capabilities, including high-speed visualization and particle tracking velocimetry, are being developed to study multiphase flow more effectively.[252.1] Electrical tomography (ET) has emerged as a promising non-invasive technique for the visualization and characterization of multiphase flows, providing insights into the internal physical processes without the need for radiative methods.[253.1] Additionally, the integration of machine learning (ML) techniques is revolutionizing the modeling of multiphase flows. ML applications are being utilized to develop surrogate models that enhance predictive capabilities and address existing limitations in traditional modeling approaches.[255.1] The fusion of artificial intelligence with multiscale models is particularly noteworthy, as it opens new avenues for understanding complex multiphase flow phenomena.[257.1] Moreover, the collaborative program PREMIERE aims to enhance predictive modeling in multiphase systems by quantifying uncertainty across various scales, further illustrating the intersection of machine learning and multiphase flow research.[255.1] As these technologies continue to evolve, they are expected to significantly improve the efficiency and safety of processes involving multiphase flows, thereby influencing future research directions in this dynamic field.[249.1]Collaborative Research Initiatives
Collaborative research initiatives in multiphase flow are increasingly recognized for their potential to enhance innovation and learning experiences within the field. Research areas such as turbulence modeling, high-speed flow, multiphase flow and heat transfer, and energy system optimization benefit significantly from interdisciplinary collaboration, which is encouraged by many universities.[274.1] Effective collaboration requires a foundation built on empathy, clear communication, and a shared vision among team members. This approach acknowledges that the most effective solutions often emerge from diverse perspectives, thereby strengthening the design process rather than isolating it.[275.1] To facilitate productive collaboration, it is essential to implement strategies that incorporate the basic tenets of good project management. Establishing clear priorities is a critical first step in developing a successful strategy for interdisciplinary teamwork.[276.1] By fostering an environment that promotes collaboration among students and researchers, the field of multiphase flow can leverage the collective expertise of various disciplines, ultimately leading to more innovative solutions and advancements in research.In this section:
References
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[3] Multiphase Flow | Oil and Gas Drilling Glossary | IADCLexicon.org — Definition(s) Multiphase flow. The simultaneous flow of gas and liquid, commonly referred to as multiphase flow, occurs in almost every aspect of the oil industry. Multiphase flow is typically present in the wellbore, flowlines and topsides processing facilties and is of particular importance in subsea production systems, where the feasibility
[4] Multiphase Flow - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics — Multiphase flow is the flow of heterogeneous mixtures of two or more phases, such as gas-liquid, solid-liquid, or gas-solid, and is encountered in numerous industrial and scientific applications, such as boiling and condensation processes, aerosol flows in the environment, gas and petroleum flows, gas-solid and slurry flows in pipelines, particle and fiber flows in airways, fluidized
[6] PDF — This article explores the challenges and breakthroughs in the study of multiphase flows. Understanding and controlling multiphase flows are essential in various industries, including oil and gas production, chemical processing, environmental engineering and even healthcare.
[8] Research on New Technology and Equipment of Multiphase Flow ... - MDPI — Multiphase flow separation plays a pivotal role in various industries, from oil and gas to chemical engineering and environmental science. As advancements in technology continue to reshape the landscape of multiphase flow dynamics, arises a pressing need arises to explore novel techniques and equipment for efficient separation processes.
[15] Multiphase Transport of Hydrocarbons in Pipes — Multiphase Transport of Hydrocarbons in Pipes An introduction to multiphase flows in the oil and gas industry The term 'multiphase flow' refers to the concurrent flow of oil and/or gas, alongside other substances or materials such as production water, chemical inhibitors, and solids (e.g. sand). This is a critical topic in the oil and gas industry, where the presence of multiple flow
[17] Fundamentals of Multiphase Flow - Multiphase Transport of Hydrocarbons ... — The flow field of multiphase flow, even for the simpler gas-liquid flows considered in this book, is extraordinarily complex phenomenon. The simplicity of single-phase flow driven by the balance of pressure, inertia, and viscous terms is not directly applicable to multiphase flow due to the intricate spatial phase distributions adopted in
[18] Multiphase Flow | Hydrodynamics, Analysis & Optimization — Understanding these flows is crucial for optimizing processes across various industries, including oil and gas, chemical manufacturing, and wastewater treatment. Types of Multiphase Flow. There are several types of multiphase flow, primarily categorized by the state of the materials involved: Gas-Liquid: Such as gas bubbles in liquid.
[24] A comparative study of DNAPL migration and ... - ScienceDirect — Understanding the behavior of organic pollutants in groundwater systems is crucial for effective environmental management and remediation strategies. Organic pollutants, such as DNAPL, can exhibit complex multiphase migration processes in groundwater systems.
[35] Multiscale Modeling and Artificial Intelligence for Multiphase Flow ... — Multiscale computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling plays a crucial role in analyzing complex multiphase systems by simulating fluid flow and interactions between different phases. It helps in studying phenomena like mixing, dispersion, and phase separation, providing valuable insights for various industries.
[48] The Evolution of Multiphase Flow Simulation Software in the Oil and Gas ... — In the 1970s, as computer technology advanced and became more accessible, multiphase flow simulation software emerged as a game-changer. A notable example is the OLGA software developed in collaboration with major oil and gas operators. OLGA could simulate transient multiphase flow, revolutionizing the design and management of production systems.
[49] Groundbreaking Review Unveils Advances in Multiphase Flow for Oil and Gas — As the oil and gas sector grapples with the dual challenges of meeting energy demands and transitioning to greener practices, the findings from Obi's research provide a roadmap for future developments. By leveraging multiphase flow technologies, the industry can enhance operational efficiency while contributing to broader sustainability goals.
[50] (451k) Computational Fluid Dynamics & Multiphase Flow Modeling ... — Some of the factors that affect flow assurance include fluids chemistry, thermodynamics, equipment geometry, and multiphase flow dynamics. With the recent advancements in computational capabilities in both software and hardware, modeling and simulation tools are becoming more commonly utilized to model and analyze complicated fluid flow problems.
[51] The Evolution of Multiphase Flow Simulation Software in the Oil and Gas ... — New software applications leverage this real-time data in multiphase flow calculations, enabling operators to make on-the-fly adjustments to production strategies. As a result, multiphase flow simulators have become vital tools for production engineers, enhancing safety and efficiency in oil and gas operations. Combining Physics and Machine
[53] Turbulence in Multiphase Flows - SpringerLink — Apart from a few exceptions, the flow quantities of interest in multiphase turbulence are phase-averaged (PA) statistics (Fox 2014). The definition of PA quantities uses the concept of Reynolds averaging already familiar from the study of single-phase turbulent flows (Pope 2000 ).
[54] Multiphase turbulence - ScienceDirect — Multiphase turbulence arises in disperse multiphase flows due to (i) gravity, (ii) buoyancy, and (iii) mean shear. In contrast to pseudoturbulence at length scales on the order of the particle diameter, multiphase turbulence occurs on larger scales and is strongly associated with fluctuations in the disperse-phase volume fraction.
[55] PDF — During the period 1970-1980, many attempts were made to model turbulence in multiphase flows. The first works were based on ad-hoc phenomenological modifications to turbulence models for the liquid phase . Later on, researches were focused on the rigorous derivation of turbulence equations for multiphase flow .
[58] Multiphase Flow Dynamics - Discover Engineering — Multiphase flow dynamics is a critical area of study within fluid dynamics in engineering, focusing on the behavior of mixtures of different phases of matter—such as gas, liquid, and solid—flowing together. 1970s: The oil and gas industry drove significant research on multiphase flow in pipelines, leading to the development of more sophisticated models and simulation tools. Multiphase flow dynamics is a vital area of study within fluid dynamics in engineering, with significant implications for various industries and applications. Understanding the behavior of multiphase flows is essential for designing efficient and safe engineering systems, optimizing industrial processes, and developing new technologies. As we look to the future, the integration of advanced modeling techniques, experimental validation, and collaborative research will be key to unlocking new opportunities and addressing emerging challenges in multiphase flow dynamics.
[61] Archimedes' Fluid Dynamics | Resolved Analytics — Archimedes discovered the principles of buoyancy and hydrostatics, including the famous Archimedes' principle, which states that a submerged object displaces its own weight in fluid.
[62] Multiphase flow - Wikipedia — The study of multiphase flow is strongly linked to the development of fluid mechanics and thermodynamics.A key early discovery was made by Archimedes of Syracuse (250 BCE) who postulated the laws of buoyancy, which became known as the Archimedes' principle - which is used in modelling multiphase flow. In the mid-20th century, advances in nucleate boiling were developed and the first two
[71] Machine learning and physics-driven modelling and simulation of ... — We highlight the work of a multi-university collaborative programme, PREMIERE (PREdictive Modelling with QuantIfication of UncERtainty for MultiphasE Systems), which is at the intersection of multi-physics and machine learning, aiming to enhance predictive capabilities in complex multiphase flow systems across diverse length and time scales.
[72] Deep learning models for improved accuracy of a multiphase flowmeter — Machine learning methods have been used in several investigations of multiphase flow measurements and flow over a choke .Besides, extreme learning machine (ELM) is used for various types of problems (e.g. regression, classification, clustering, etc.) and it has advantages such as single hidden layer, reduced training parameters compared to typical models and improved generalization
[73] Multiscale Modeling and Artificial Intelligence for Multiphase Flow ... — In conclusion, multiscale modeling and AI represent a paradigm shift in the field of multiphase flow science. By combining the complementary strengths of advanced computational techniques and intelligent algorithms, researchers are poised to break new ground in understanding, predicting, and manipulating complex multiphase flow phenomena.
[74] Special Issue : Multiphase Flow and Artificial Intelligence - MDPI — With recent advances in AI, especially in machine learning and data-driven methods, there is a unique opportunity to develop more efficient, robust, and accurate approaches for modeling, predicting, and optimizing multiphase flow behavior.
[85] Multiphase Flow Dynamics - Discover Engineering — Multiphase flow dynamics is a critical area of study within fluid dynamics in engineering, focusing on the behavior of mixtures of different phases of matter—such as gas, liquid, and solid—flowing together. 1970s: The oil and gas industry drove significant research on multiphase flow in pipelines, leading to the development of more sophisticated models and simulation tools. Multiphase flow dynamics is a vital area of study within fluid dynamics in engineering, with significant implications for various industries and applications. Understanding the behavior of multiphase flows is essential for designing efficient and safe engineering systems, optimizing industrial processes, and developing new technologies. As we look to the future, the integration of advanced modeling techniques, experimental validation, and collaborative research will be key to unlocking new opportunities and addressing emerging challenges in multiphase flow dynamics.
[86] Multiphase Flow Dynamics | Models, Analysis & Optimization — Multiphase flow dynamics find applications in several cutting-edge fields, pushing the boundaries of technology and efficiency. Some notable applications include: Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR): Multiphase flow models are vital in EOR techniques, where steam, water, or CO 2 are injected to improve oil extraction.
[88] PDF — Focus is on presenting a unified treatment of the fundamentals of multiphase flows Emphasizes the practical importance of multiphase flows Emphasizes the ubiquity of multiphase flows and the range of contexts in which they need to be understood Contents: 1. Introduction to multiphase flow; 2. Single particle motion; 3. Bubble or droplet
[90] Review of Multiphase Flow Models in the Petroleum Engineering ... — Multiphase flow modeling is crucial for the oil and gas industry, enabling safer and more cost-effective subsea well development. In the past 60 years, there have been significant advancements in this field, addressing complex challenges in petroleum engineering. ... took the influence of the flow regimes into account when formulating the
[91] 4 Multiphase flow processes - ScienceDirect — Several flow regimes may occur in such trickle bed reactors. It will not be possible to discuss modeling of flow in all these different types of multiphase reactors in a single chapter. Because of the importance of the dispersed flow regime, modeling of this flow regime is discussed here in detail.
[92] Multiphase Flow Regime Characterization and Liquid Flow Measurement ... — This multiphase flow measurement platform can be applied as a general monitoring instrument in chemical and process control industries . The complex flow profiles observed in multiphase flow emerge due to the differences in densities and viscosities of the fluid phases present in the flow . For the case of two-phase, gas-liquid flows, these
[93] Recent progress in multiphase flow simulation through multiphase pumps ... — The major application is the handling of wet gas and vapor that will condense partially during the compression stage. The main progress in the area of multiphase pumps has been the innovation of a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) numerical approach to simulate three-dimensional flows inside the pump and to predict pump performance.
[94] Fundamentals, applications and examples of multiphase flow and ... — Understanding and applying multiphase flow principles allows for better design, optimization, and management of complex fluid systems. As technology progresses, the potential to harness multiphase flow for innovative and efficient solutions will only grow.
[95] Innovative Computational Fluid Dynamics Techniques for Enhanced ... — An innovative technique to combine "Innovative Computational Fluid Dynamics Techniques for Enhanced Predictive Modeling in Multiphase Flow and Heat Exchanger Optimization." Five approaches tackle distinct predictive modeling problems in the framework. The hybrid CFD and Machine Learning Framework integrates CFD and ML without affecting each other. This enables the framework to be refined
[98] Flow Mechanisms and Enhanced Oil Recovery - MDPI — Dear Colleagues, Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) is a key focus in petroleum engineering and energy production as global demand for hydrocarbon resources grows. Understanding the fundamental mechanisms of oil and gas flow through porous media, combined with advanced techniques to optimize recovery, is essential for efficiently developing oil and gas reservoirs. The complexities of multiphase flow
[108] Machine Learning Classification Model for Multiphase Flow Regimes in ... — The objective of this study is to assess the predictability of multiphase flow regimes in horizontal pipes via supervised machine learning (ML) classification techniques with: liquid and gas
[130] Three-dimensional multiphase flow computational fluid dynamics models ... — The two-phase flows include gas-liquid flow, gas-solid flow, liquid-liquid flow (e.g. oil-water mixtures in pipelines), and liquid-solid flow. ... This has essentially been made possible by recent advances in computational techniques and the availability of high-performance computing resources. ... Al-Janabi H. Modeling optimizes PEM
[137] Recent advances in theory, simulations, and experiments on multiphase ... — In recent years, new numerical methodologies, experimental techniques, and theoretical analysis tools for studying and analyzing complex multiphase flow problems have advanced significantly. Therefore, this special topic is devoted to the recent advances and developments of these tools in the study of multiphase flows.
[138] Simultaneous flow and particle measurements for multiphase flows in ... — By consolidating and critically evaluating current methods for particle discrimination, this paper aims to enhance the scientific community's understanding of simultaneous phase velocity measurements, thereby setting the stage for advancements in multiphase flow visualization techniques.
[141] PDF — Measurement of Multiphase Flow Characteristics Via Image Analysis Techniques: The Fluidization Case Study 5 In the late works by Lim and co-workers (Lim et al., 2006; 2007), digital image analysis was adopted to study bubble void fraction in the frequency domain and together with relevant
[145] Recent advances in theory, simulations, and experiments on multiphase ... — In recent years, new numerical methodologies, experimental techniques, and theoretical analysis tools for studying and analyzing complex multiphase flow problems have advanced significantly. Therefore, this special topic is devoted to the recent advances and developments of these tools in the study of multiphase flows.
[147] PDF — Recent advances in both multiphase flow modeling and computing performance have led to development of new, robust CFD methods. Capture of hydrodynamic interactions between phases is key to accurate simulation of flow boiling processes. Currently, two approaches are widely used: Lagrangian and Eulerian.
[148] Fundamental Issues Related to Flow Boiling and Two-Phase Flow Patterns ... — The considerable suppression of nucleate boiling heat transfer was observed at transition to annular flow and explained by formation of a liquid flow with thin film and dry spots. A general equation for prediction of two-phase flow boiling heat transfer inside the circular, annular, and rectangular microchannels is proposed and verified using
[149] A numerical study of multiphase flow boiling heat transfer of ... — The deposition of nanoparticles during the boiling process and their settling on the heated surface during boiling and bubble formation is one of the critical challenges of using nanofluids in boiling and multiphase heat transfer systems.
[156] Advanced Measurement Techniques - NETL Multiphase Flow Science — The MFAL facility is also focused on developing innovative and advanced techniques and instrumentation for studying multiphase flow. The lab has the following diagnostic capabilities:High speed visualization and quantification of multiphase flows.Eulerian flow/particle velocity field extraction: Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV)Lagrangian flow/particle velocity Particle Tracking Velocimetry
[157] Experimental measuring techniques for industrial-scale multiphase flow ... — Over the past decades, several experimental measuring techniques (e.g., laser Doppler velocimetry, particle image velocimetry, and particle/droplet image analysis) were developed or successfully applied by Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Australia, on many collaborated industrial projects. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, 15: 139–144. Experimental and Computational Multiphase Flow, 4: 339–349. Experimental and Computational Multiphase Flow, 5: 192–198. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, 12: 299–312. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 31: 318–336. Yan, Y., Yang, W., Fang, X., Yan, P., Tu, J. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, 15: 139–144. Experimental and Computational Multiphase Flow, 4: 339–349. Experimental and Computational Multiphase Flow, 5: 192–198. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 31: 318–336. Yan, Y., Yang, W., Fang, X., Yan, P., Tu, J.
[162] Multiphase Flow | Hydrodynamics, Analysis & Optimization — The practical applications of understanding and controlling multiphase flow are vast and impactful: Oil and Gas Industry: In the extraction and processing of oil, multiphase flow knowledge helps in designing efficient separators and pipelines, crucial for enhancing oil recovery and reducing malfunctions due to phase interactions.
[163] Multi-phase flows: applications in process industry — Multi-phase flows are frequently encountered in process industries (Nuclear, Power, Hydrocarbon and Fertilizer plants), where the flow comprises of two or more distinct phases, which may be gas, liquid or solid. Multi-phase flows may be adiabatic or coupled with heat transfer / mass transfer / chemical reaction. Adiabatic multi-phase flows are typically encountered in piping. Some examples of
[170] PDF — All Rights Reserved 28 Volume 1, Issue 2, 2023 July—December DOI (Journal): 10.37591/IJMSMT STM JOURNALS International Journal of Machine Systems and Manufacturing Technology https://journals.stmjournals.com/ijmsmt Review IJMSMT Multi-phase Flow Simulation Using Computational Fluid Dynamics Dhruv Pandit* Abstract Computational fluid dynamics (CFD)-based multi-phase flow simulation is a fast developing topic with broad applications in many scientific fields and industry. Through the use of suitable modeling approaches and numerical solutions to the governing equations of fluid motion, the use of computational fluid dynamics, or CFD, allows scientists and engineers to examine a broad spectrum of multi-phase flow phenomena with different levels of intricacy. All Rights Reserved 30 NUMERICAL TECHNIQUES In computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, the governing equations of multi-phase flows are solved primarily via the use of numerical methods.
[171] CFD multiphase flow(multiphase flow cfd simulations) - cfdsource — By addressing these challenges head-on, the article aims to provide readers with a realistic perspective on the difficulties researchers and engineers face when striving for accuracy in CFD multiphase flow simulations. The successful simulation of multiphase flow relies heavily on the implementation of advanced techniques within Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). By showcasing real-world applications, this section aims to highlight the tangible benefits of CFD multiphase flow simulations, emphasizing their role in solving industry-specific challenges and fostering innovation. Beyond its practical applications in industries, CFD multiphase flow simulations play a pivotal role in advancing scientific research. While the allure of CFD multiphase flow simulations is undeniable, this section confronts the challenges and ethical considerations inherent in the research and application of this technology.
[172] Multiscale modeling for multiphase flow and reactive mass transport in ... — Multiscale modeling for multiphase flow and reactive mass transport in subsurface energy storage: A review | Advances in Geo-Energy Research Multiscale modeling for multiphase flow and reactive mass transport in subsurface energy storage: A review Modeling of multiphase flow and reactive mass transport in porous media remains a pivotal challenge in the realm of subsurface energy storage, demanding a nuanced understanding across varying scales. Multiscale modeling, multiphase flow, reactive mass transfer, subsurface storage, porous media M. Modeling and simulation of pore-scale multiphase fluid flow and reactive transport in fractured and porous media. A physics-constrained deep learning model for simulating multiphase flow in 3D heterogeneous porous media. Pore-scale modeling of coupled CO2 flow and dissolution in 3D porous media for geological carbon storage.
[174] Multiphase Flow in Porous Medium - an overview - ScienceDirect — 6.1 INTRODUCTION. In this chapter, we study a special case of multiphase flow, two-phase flow, in randomly heterogeneous porous media.The problem of multiphase flow in porous media is of great importance for a number of applications such as oil/gas recovery from hydrocarbon reservoirs, subsurface remediation of organic contaminants, and carbon dioxide sequestration in geological formations.
[175] Enhanced Reaction Kinetics in Stationary Two-Phase Flow through Porous ... — Understanding the interaction between multiphase flow and reactive transport in porous media is critical for many environmental and industrial applications. When a nonwetting immiscible phase is present within the pore space, it can remain immobile, which we call unsaturated flow, or move, resulting in multiphase flow. Previous studies under unsaturated flow conditions have shown that, for a
[176] Multiphase flows with droplets and particles - Open Library — Multiphase flow technology, especially in the area of gas-droplet and gas-particle flows, is increasingly important in the energy and manufacturing industries. Pollution control, pneumatic transport, food processing, combustion, and development of new materials as well as many other engineering applications will benefit from the fundamental
[177] Multiphase Flow Dynamics - Discover Engineering — Multiphase flow dynamics is a critical area of study within fluid dynamics in engineering, focusing on the behavior of mixtures of different phases of matter—such as gas, liquid, and solid—flowing together. 1970s: The oil and gas industry drove significant research on multiphase flow in pipelines, leading to the development of more sophisticated models and simulation tools. Multiphase flow dynamics is a vital area of study within fluid dynamics in engineering, with significant implications for various industries and applications. Understanding the behavior of multiphase flows is essential for designing efficient and safe engineering systems, optimizing industrial processes, and developing new technologies. As we look to the future, the integration of advanced modeling techniques, experimental validation, and collaborative research will be key to unlocking new opportunities and addressing emerging challenges in multiphase flow dynamics.
[196] Transforming municipal solid waste management through material and ... — This promotes sustainable waste management techniques including composting, recycling, and material reuse. ... As per the data from material flow analysis, integration of thermochemical conversion in the WM route significantly enhances the efficiency of the process as well as increases the product quantity thereby reducing the waste and burden
[197] Waste flow mapping to improve sustainability of waste management: a ... — Innovative, resource-efficient solutions and effective waste management systems capture value in business and contribute to sustainability. However, due to scattered waste management responsibilities in the vehicle industry and the orientation of operations management and lean tools, which mostly focus on lead-time and labour-time improvements, the requirement of a collaborative method to
[205] PDF — Multiphase Flow Metering: An Overview Manoj Kumar KM, Senior Scientist, Non-destructive Evaluation Lab, GE Global Research, Bangalore 1 Abstract One of the challenging problems that the Oil & Gas industry has been dealing with for several years is accurate and reliable multiphase flow rate measurement in a three-phase flow. This type of flow is
[207] Multiphase flow challenges in drilling, completions, and injection ... — The drilling fluid can be synthesized from water, oil, air, or foam. The flow of drilling fluid can result in a diverse range of multiphase flow patterns and morphologies (e.g., bubbly, slug, plug, annular, etc.). While reducing pump penalty in multi-phase flows is a primary consideration - ensuring the safety of such operations is also
[208] PDF — Despite the advances in computational methods for multiphase flow simulation, several challenges remain. One of the primary challenges is the computational cost associated with simulating large-scale systems with high resolution. High-fidelity simulations that capture fine-scale details of
[209] Multiphase Flow Types, Complexities and Solution Approaches in CFD ... — Multiphase Flow Types, Complexities and Solution Approaches in CFD Simulation | Xitadel Multiphase Flow Types, Complexities and Solution Approaches in CFD Simulation Multiphase flows, where two or more phases (gas, liquid, or solid) coexist and interact, are common in many industrial and environmental applications. Multiphase flow CFD simulation enables the prediction of how multiple phases interact in complex systems. This method tracks the volume fraction of each phase in every computational cell, and the interface is reconstructed dynamically as the flow evolves. Euler-Euler Approach: In highly dispersed flows, the Euler-Euler method models the volume fraction of each phase in every computational cell, allowing for the prediction of non-uniform phase distribution. The complexities of multiphase flow CFD simulations, such as interfacial dynamics, phase interactions, and turbulence, require advanced modeling techniques.
[210] Onshore gathering systems: multiphase flow modeling accuracy challenges ... — Hence, accurate multiphase flow modeling is required to make key project decisions because small amounts of multiphase flow can significantly impact pressures in large gathering systems. Recent experience on multiple, low pressure (< 20 bar) onshore gathering system projects has found a wide discrepancy between the model-predicted and the field
[211] Enhancing Multiphase Flow Computational Performance: A Robust Approach ... — Abstract. In this study, we enhance the stability of flow prediction in multiphase pipelines by integrating modified source term calculations into the widely used SIMPLE (Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure-Linked Equations) algorithm. We address the challenges faced by traditional two-fluid models, particularly in accurately representing physical processes during operational disruptions such as
[215] Fate and transport in environmental quality - PMC - PubMed Central (PMC) — Changes in pollutant concentrations in environmental media occur both from pollutant transport in water or air and from local processes, such as adsorption, degradation, precipitation, straining, and so on. ... These authors noted that "understanding relationships between flow, precipitation, transport pathway, and P fraction at the catchment
[216] 4D microvelocimetry reveals multiphase flow field perturbations in ... — Models of multiphase fluid flows in porous materials commonly struggle to capture the effects of the underlying microscopic dynamics. These flows are very common: Examples range from groundwater flow and H 2 storage in underground rocks to water discharge in fuel cells. The microscopic dynamics are poorly understood because they are so far inaccessible in nearly all 3D pore geometries
[221] PDF — Recent advancements in MPFM technology, as noted by Harouaka et al. (2019), have improved the accuracy of these measurements, particularly in multiphase flow regimes with complex flow patterns such as slug flow and annular flow. These advancements have allowed for more precise estimates of phase
[226] Multiphase flows: Rich physics, challenging theory, and big simulations — Hydrodynamic interactions in multiphase flows result in rich multiscale physics, such as clustering and pseudoturbulence, with important practical implications. Alternative theoretical formulations that overcome current challenges, and particle-resolved direct numerical simulations to build accurate closure models for unclosed terms that arise in these statistical theories, are outlined as
[227] (PDF) Multiphase Flows: Rich Physics, Challenging Theory, and Big ... — The hydrodynamic interactions in these flows result in rich multiscale physics, such as clustering and pseudo-turbulence, with important practical implications.
[229] Computational Fluid Dynamics of Multiphase Systems — This Special Issue focuses on applying computational fluid dynamics (CFDs) to multiphase systems, a critical area in various industrial and natural processes. It aims to showcase cutting-edge research and advancements in modeling complex multiphase flows, including: Novel numerical methods for multiphase CFD;
[231] Accelerating Multiphase Simulations With Denoising Diffusion Model ... — However, applications at the pore scale remain limited. Recent advancements in machine learning have demonstrated significant potential in reducing the computational burden of multiphase flow simulations. Machine learning can help these simulations by offering efficient algorithms that can learn complex patterns and relationships within the data.
[236] PDF — A multi-technology solution combined with smart data analytics is an option being explored for providing reliable three-phase flow rates to the operator. This article gives a brief introduction to the potential sensing methods used in GE multiphase meter to meet the requirements of the industry.
[238] Three-phase flow measurement in the petroleum industry — Two basic strategies have been used to try and reduce the difficulty of measuring the flowrate of an oil-water-gas mixture; simplification of the input flow and simplification of the direct measurement requirement. In the first, the flow is reduced from a three-phase flow to a combination of single and two-phase flows before measurement.
[249] Multiphase Flow Dynamics | Models, Analysis & Optimization — Multiphase Flow Dynamics | Models, Analysis & Optimization Mechanics Wave Mechanics Multiphase flow dynamics Explore the intricacies of multiphase flow dynamics, covering models, challenges, optimization, and future trends in engineering and technology. Understanding Multiphase Flow Dynamics Multiphase flow dynamics is a fundamental concept in the field of fluid mechanics, involving the simultaneous flow of multiple distinct phases. Key Models in Multiphase Flow Dynamics Optimization in multiphase flow dynamics aims to enhance efficiency and safety in processes involving such flows. Advanced Applications of Multiphase Flow Dynamics The future of multiphase flow dynamics research is geared towards more accurate models and sustainable applications. Multiphase flow dynamics is a vibrant and ever-evolving field, integral to numerous industrial and environmental processes.
[251] PDF — 1. Introduction In recent years, thanks to the continuous development of digital imaging systems and digital image processing, a great number of researchers have chosen digital visual methods to be applied in the field of experimental fluid dynamics. These kinds of techniques play a fundamental role in analysis and data acquisition for multiphase flows such as gas-solid, gas-liquid, solid
[252] Advanced Measurement Techniques - NETL Multiphase Flow Science — The MFAL facility is also focused on developing innovative and advanced techniques and instrumentation for studying multiphase flow. The lab has the following diagnostic capabilities:High speed visualization and quantification of multiphase flows.Eulerian flow/particle velocity field extraction: Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV)Lagrangian flow/particle velocity Particle Tracking Velocimetry
[253] A digital twin of electrical tomography for quantitative multiphase ... — Electrical tomography (ET) is a promising technique for multiphase flow visualization and characterization which provides a non-invasive and non-radiative way to unravel the internal physical
[255] Machine learning and physics-driven modelling and simulation of ... — We highlight the work of a multi-university collaborative programme, PREMIERE (PREdictive Modelling with QuantIfication of UncERtainty for MultiphasE Systems), which is at the intersection of multi-physics and machine learning, aiming to enhance predictive capabilities in complex multiphase flow systems across diverse length and time scales.
[257] Multiscale Modeling and Artificial Intelligence for Multiphase Flow ... — Multiscale modeling and artificial intelligence-based approaches have gained popularity in the investigations of multiphase flows. (1,2) Particularly, the fusion of artificial intelligence with multiscale models has opened a new avenue to improve our understanding of multiphase flow science.
[274] The Benefits, Challenges, and Disincentives of Interdisciplinary ... — Research consistently demonstrates the value of interdisciplinary collaboration. It has also become common for universities to encourage their faculty to engage in interdisciplinary and
[275] Strategies for Effective Interdisciplinary Collaboration — So how do we break down these silos and foster true interdisciplinary collaboration? It starts with empathy, clear communication, and a shared vision. It requires an understanding that the best solutions are rarely created in isolation and that bringing together different perspectives strengthens rather than weakens the design process.
[276] PDF — strategies for effective and productive collaboration within these varied interdisciplinary teams. The struggle can be minimized however, with a solid strategy involving basic tenets of good project management. Priorities The first step toward developing a successful strategy for interdisciplinary collaboration is the